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{{Infobox_Scientist| name = Robert Boyle| image = Robert Boyle 0001.jpg| image_width =| caption = Robert Boyle| birth_date = 25 January 1627, [province of Munster, Ireland [1691 (aged 64)]| field = Chemistry, Physics| alma_mater =| doctoral_adviser =| doctoral_students =| known_for = Study of physical properties of gases
Study of the concept of an [chemical element| religion =| footnotes= -->

Robert Boyle (Irish language: Robaird Ó Bhaoill) (25 January 1627 – 30 December 1691) was an Irish people natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry. He is best known for the formulation of Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.

Early years Robert Boyle was born in Lismore Castle, in the province of Munster, Ireland, as the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, the "Great Earl of Cork". There is a statuette, assumed to be of Boyle as a young man, on the elaborate monument of his parents in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, Dublin. While still a child, he learned to speak Latin, Greek language, and French language. He was only eight and three quarters years old when he was sent to Eton College, of which his father's friend, Sir Henry Wotton, was then provost. After spending over three years at the college, he went to travel abroad with a French tutor. Nearly two years were passed in Geneva; visiting Italy in 1641, he remained during the winter of that year in Florence, studying the "paradoxes of the great star-gazer" Galileo Galilei, who died within a league (3 miles) of the city early in 1642.

Middle years

Returning to England in 1645 he found that his father was hospitalized and had left him the manor of Stalbridge in Dorset, together with estates in Ireland. From that time, he devoted his life to science research, and soon took a prominent place in the band of inquirers, known as the "Invisible College", who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London, often at Gresham College; some of the members also had meetings at Oxford, and in that city Boyle went to reside in 1654. Reading in 1657 of Otto von Guericke's air-pump, he set himself with the assistance of Robert Hooke to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in 1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air. An inscription can be found on the wall of University College, Oxford in the High Street, Oxford at Oxford (now the location of the Shelley Memorial), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 1800s. It was here Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall.

An account of Boyle's work with the air pump was published in 1660 under the title New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects.... Among the critics of the views put forward in this book was a Society of Jesus, Franciscus Linus (1595–1675), and it was while answering his objections that Boyle made his first mention of the law that the volume of a gas varies inversely to the pressure of the gas, which among English-speaking peoples is usually called after his name.

However, the person that originally formulated the hypothesis was Henry Power in 1661. Boyle included a reference to a paper written by Power, but mistakenly attributed it to Richard Townley. In continental Europe the hypothesis is sometimes attributed to Edme Mariotte, although he did not publish it until 1676 and was likely aware of Boyle's work at the time.{{cite book | last = Brush | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen G. Brush | title = The Kinetic Theory of Gases - An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary | publisher = [Imperial College Press | series = History of Modern Physical Sciences Vol 1 | year = 2003 | isbn = 1860943489 --> In 1663 the Invisible College became the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, and the charter of incorporation granted by Charles II of England, named Boyle a member of the council. In 1680 he was elected president of the society, but declined the honour from a scruple about oaths.

It was during his time at Oxford that Boyle was a Cavalier. The Chevaliers are thought to have been established by royal order a few years before Boyle's time at Oxford. The period of Boyle's residence was marked by the reactionary actions of the victorious parliamentarian forces, consequently this period marked the most secretive period of Chevalier movements and thus little is known about Boyle's involvement beyond his membership.

In 1668 he left Oxford for London where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh, in Pall Mall, London.

Later years .

In 1689 his health, never very strong, began to fail seriously and he gradually withdrew from his public engagements, ceasing his communications to the Royal Society, and advertising his desire to be excused from receiving guests, "unless upon occasions very extraordinary", on Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon. In the leisure thus gained he wished to "recruit his spirits, range his papers", and prepare some important chemical investigations which he proposed to leave "as a kind of Hermetic legacy to the studious disciples of that art", but of which he did not make known the nature. His health became still worse in 1691, and his death occurred on December 30 of that year, just a week after that of the sister with whom he had lived for more than twenty years. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields, his funeral sermon being preached by his friend Bishop Burnet. In his will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

Scientific investigator Boyle's great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out the principles which Francis Bacon (philosopher) preached in the Novum Organum. Yet he would not avow himself a follower of Bacon, or indeed of any other teacher. On several occasions he mentions that in order to keep his judgment as unprepossessed as might be with any of the modern theories of philosophy, until he was "provided of experiments" to help him judge of them, he refrained from any study of the atomism and the René Descartes systems, and even of the Novum Organum itself, though he admits to "transiently consulting" them about a few particulars. Nothing was more alien to his mental temperament than the spinning of hypotheses. He regarded the acquisition of knowledge as an end in itself, and in consequence he gained a wider outlook on the aims of scientific inquiry than had been enjoyed by his predecessors for many centuries. This, however, did not mean that he paid no attention to the practical application of science nor that he despised knowledge which tended to use.



He himself was an alchemy; and believing the wiktionary:Transmutation of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of effecting it; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of the statute of Henry IV of England against multiplier (alchemy) gold and silver. With all the important work he accomplished in physics - the enunciation of Boyle's law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravity and refraction powers, on crystals, on electricity, on colour, on hydrostatics, etc.- chemistry was his peculiar and favourite study. His first book on the subject was The Sceptical Chymist, published in 1661, in which he criticized the "experiments whereby vulgar Alchemy are wont to endeavour to evince their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury (element) to be the true Principles of Things.". For him chemistry was the science of the composition of substances, not merely an adjunct to the arts of the alchemist or the physician. He advanced towards the modern view of elements as the undecomposable constituents of material bodies; and understanding the distinction between mixture (chemistry)s and compound (chemistry)s, he made considerable progress in the technique of detecting their ingredients, a process which he designated by the term "analysis". He further supposed that the elements were ultimately composed of Subatomic particles of various sorts and sizes, into which, however, they were not to be resolved in any known way. Applied chemistry had to thank him for improved methods and for an extended knowledge of individual substances. He also studied the chemistry of combustion and of Respiration (physiology), and conducted experiments in physiology, where, however, he was hampered by the "tenderness of his nature" which kept him from anatomical dissections, especially of living animals, though he knew them to be "most instructing".

Besides being a busy natural philosopher, Boyle devoted much time to theology, showing a very decided leaning to the practical side and an indifference to controversial polemics. At the English Restoration he was favourably received at court, and in 1665 would have received the provostship of Eton College, if he would have taken orders; but this he refused to do on the ground that his writings on religious subjects would have greater weight coming from a layman than a paid minister of the Church. As a director of the British East India Company he spent large sums in promoting the spread of Christianity in the East, contributing liberally to missionary societies, and to the expenses of translating the Bible or portions of it into various languages. He founded the Boyle lectures, intended to defend the Christianity against those he considered "notorious infidels, namely atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and Muslims", with the provison that controversies between Christians were not to be mentioned. In 2004, the Boyle Lectures were resurrected in London See this site..In person Boyle was tall, slender and of a pale countenance. His constitution was far from robust, and throughout his life he suffered from feeble health and low spirits. While his scientific work procured him an extraordinary reputation among his contemporaries, his private character and virtues, the charm of his social manners, his wit and powers of conversation, endeared him to a large circle of personal friends. He was never married. His writings are exceedingly voluminous, and his style is clear and straightforward, though undeniably verbose.

In 2004 The Robert Boyle Science Room was opened in the Lismore Heritage Centre, near his birthplace, dedicated to his life and works where students have the opportunity of studying science and participating in scientific experiments.

Important works , appears to fill itself through siphon action. This is not possible in reality; a siphon requires its "output" to be lower than the "input".

The following are the more important of his works:

Among his religious and philosophical writings were:

Notes

See also

Further reading

Boyle's published works online

External links



{{Infobox_Scientist| name = Robert Boyle| image = Robert Boyle 0001.jpg| image_width =| caption = Robert Boyle| birth_date = 25 January 1627, [province of Munster, Ireland [1691 (aged 64)]| field = Chemistry, Physics| alma_mater =| doctoral_adviser =| doctoral_students =| known_for = Study of physical properties of gases
Study of the concept of an [chemical element| religion =| footnotes= -->

Robert Boyle (Irish language: Robaird Ó Bhaoill) (25 January 1627 – 30 December 1691) was an Irish people natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and chemistry. He is best known for the formulation of Boyle's law. Although his research and personal philosophy clearly has its roots in the alchemical tradition, he is largely regarded today as the first modern chemist, and therefore one of the founders of modern chemistry. Among his works, The Sceptical Chymist is seen as a cornerstone book in the field of chemistry.

Early years Robert Boyle was born in Lismore Castle, in the province of Munster, Ireland, as the seventh son and fourteenth child of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Cork, the "Great Earl of Cork". There is a statuette, assumed to be of Boyle as a young man, on the elaborate monument of his parents in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, Dublin. While still a child, he learned to speak Latin, Greek language, and French language. He was only eight and three quarters years old when he was sent to Eton College, of which his father's friend, Sir Henry Wotton, was then provost. After spending over three years at the college, he went to travel abroad with a French tutor. Nearly two years were passed in Geneva; visiting Italy in 1641, he remained during the winter of that year in Florence, studying the "paradoxes of the great star-gazer" Galileo Galilei, who died within a league (3 miles) of the city early in 1642.

Middle years

Returning to England in 1645 he found that his father was hospitalized and had left him the manor of Stalbridge in Dorset, together with estates in Ireland. From that time, he devoted his life to science research, and soon took a prominent place in the band of inquirers, known as the "Invisible College", who devoted themselves to the cultivation of the "new philosophy". They met frequently in London, often at Gresham College; some of the members also had meetings at Oxford, and in that city Boyle went to reside in 1654. Reading in 1657 of Otto von Guericke's air-pump, he set himself with the assistance of Robert Hooke to devise improvements in its construction, and with the result, the "machina Boyleana" or "Pneumatical Engine", finished in 1659, he began a series of experiments on the properties of air. An inscription can be found on the wall of University College, Oxford in the High Street, Oxford at Oxford (now the location of the Shelley Memorial), marking the spot where Cross Hall stood until the early 1800s. It was here Boyle rented rooms from the wealthy apothecary who owned the Hall.

An account of Boyle's work with the air pump was published in 1660 under the title New Experiments Physico-Mechanicall, Touching the Spring of the Air, and its Effects.... Among the critics of the views put forward in this book was a Society of Jesus, Franciscus Linus (1595–1675), and it was while answering his objections that Boyle made his first mention of the law that the volume of a gas varies inversely to the pressure of the gas, which among English-speaking peoples is usually called after his name.

However, the person that originally formulated the hypothesis was Henry Power in 1661. Boyle included a reference to a paper written by Power, but mistakenly attributed it to Richard Townley. In continental Europe the hypothesis is sometimes attributed to Edme Mariotte, although he did not publish it until 1676 and was likely aware of Boyle's work at the time.{{cite book | last = Brush | first = Stephen | authorlink = Stephen G. Brush | title = The Kinetic Theory of Gases - An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary | publisher = [Imperial College Press | series = History of Modern Physical Sciences Vol 1 | year = 2003 | isbn = 1860943489 --> In 1663 the Invisible College became the Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, and the charter of incorporation granted by Charles II of England, named Boyle a member of the council. In 1680 he was elected president of the society, but declined the honour from a scruple about oaths.

It was during his time at Oxford that Boyle was a Cavalier. The Chevaliers are thought to have been established by royal order a few years before Boyle's time at Oxford. The period of Boyle's residence was marked by the reactionary actions of the victorious parliamentarian forces, consequently this period marked the most secretive period of Chevalier movements and thus little is known about Boyle's involvement beyond his membership.

In 1668 he left Oxford for London where he resided at the house of his sister, Lady Ranelagh, in Pall Mall, London.

Later years .

In 1689 his health, never very strong, began to fail seriously and he gradually withdrew from his public engagements, ceasing his communications to the Royal Society, and advertising his desire to be excused from receiving guests, "unless upon occasions very extraordinary", on Tuesday and Friday forenoon, and Wednesday and Saturday afternoon. In the leisure thus gained he wished to "recruit his spirits, range his papers", and prepare some important chemical investigations which he proposed to leave "as a kind of Hermetic legacy to the studious disciples of that art", but of which he did not make known the nature. His health became still worse in 1691, and his death occurred on December 30 of that year, just a week after that of the sister with whom he had lived for more than twenty years. He was buried in the churchyard of St Martin's in the Fields, his funeral sermon being preached by his friend Bishop Burnet. In his will, Boyle endowed a series of Lectures which came to be known as the Boyle Lectures.

Scientific investigator Boyle's great merit as a scientific investigator is that he carried out the principles which Francis Bacon (philosopher) preached in the Novum Organum. Yet he would not avow himself a follower of Bacon, or indeed of any other teacher. On several occasions he mentions that in order to keep his judgment as unprepossessed as might be with any of the modern theories of philosophy, until he was "provided of experiments" to help him judge of them, he refrained from any study of the atomism and the René Descartes systems, and even of the Novum Organum itself, though he admits to "transiently consulting" them about a few particulars. Nothing was more alien to his mental temperament than the spinning of hypotheses. He regarded the acquisition of knowledge as an end in itself, and in consequence he gained a wider outlook on the aims of scientific inquiry than had been enjoyed by his predecessors for many centuries. This, however, did not mean that he paid no attention to the practical application of science nor that he despised knowledge which tended to use.



He himself was an alchemy; and believing the wiktionary:Transmutation of metals to be a possibility, he carried out experiments in the hope of effecting it; and he was instrumental in obtaining the repeal, in 1689, of the statute of Henry IV of England against multiplier (alchemy) gold and silver. With all the important work he accomplished in physics - the enunciation of Boyle's law, the discovery of the part taken by air in the propagation of sound, and investigations on the expansive force of freezing water, on specific gravity and refraction powers, on crystals, on electricity, on colour, on hydrostatics, etc.- chemistry was his peculiar and favourite study. His first book on the subject was The Sceptical Chymist, published in 1661, in which he criticized the "experiments whereby vulgar Alchemy are wont to endeavour to evince their Salt, Sulphur and Mercury (element) to be the true Principles of Things.". For him chemistry was the science of the composition of substances, not merely an adjunct to the arts of the alchemist or the physician. He advanced towards the modern view of elements as the undecomposable constituents of material bodies; and understanding the distinction between mixture (chemistry)s and compound (chemistry)s, he made considerable progress in the technique of detecting their ingredients, a process which he designated by the term "analysis". He further supposed that the elements were ultimately composed of Subatomic particles of various sorts and sizes, into which, however, they were not to be resolved in any known way. Applied chemistry had to thank him for improved methods and for an extended knowledge of individual substances. He also studied the chemistry of combustion and of Respiration (physiology), and conducted experiments in physiology, where, however, he was hampered by the "tenderness of his nature" which kept him from anatomical dissections, especially of living animals, though he knew them to be "most instructing".

Besides being a busy natural philosopher, Boyle devoted much time to theology, showing a very decided leaning to the practical side and an indifference to controversial polemics. At the English Restoration he was favourably received at court, and in 1665 would have received the provostship of Eton College, if he would have taken orders; but this he refused to do on the ground that his writings on religious subjects would have greater weight coming from a layman than a paid minister of the Church. As a director of the British East India Company he spent large sums in promoting the spread of Christianity in the East, contributing liberally to missionary societies, and to the expenses of translating the Bible or portions of it into various languages. He founded the Boyle lectures, intended to defend the Christianity against those he considered "notorious infidels, namely atheists, deists, pagans, Jews and Muslims", with the provison that controversies between Christians were not to be mentioned. In 2004, the Boyle Lectures were resurrected in London See this site..In person Boyle was tall, slender and of a pale countenance. His constitution was far from robust, and throughout his life he suffered from feeble health and low spirits. While his scientific work procured him an extraordinary reputation among his contemporaries, his private character and virtues, the charm of his social manners, his wit and powers of conversation, endeared him to a large circle of personal friends. He was never married. His writings are exceedingly voluminous, and his style is clear and straightforward, though undeniably verbose.

In 2004 The Robert Boyle Science Room was opened in the Lismore Heritage Centre, near his birthplace, dedicated to his life and works where students have the opportunity of studying science and participating in scientific experiments.

Important works , appears to fill itself through siphon action. This is not possible in reality; a siphon requires its "output" to be lower than the "input".

The following are the more important of his works:

Among his religious and philosophical writings were:

Notes

See also

Further reading

Boyle's published works online

External links





Welcome to the homepage of the Robert Boyle Project
Resource at Birkbeck College, University of London, devoted to the life and work of Robert Boyle (1627-1691). Includes online articles and informational links on the subject.

The Robert Boyle website
Learn about Boyle. Robert Boyle - a brief introduction; Robert Boyle - an Introduction; Robert Boyle - a life in pictures; Robert Boyle and the 17th century - a timeline

Boyle summary
Robert Boyle (1627-1691) ... Robert Boyle was an Irish-born scientist who was a founding fellow of the Royal Society.

BBC - History - Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691)
Boyle was a leading intellectual figure of the 17th century and one of the founders of modern chemistry.

Robert Boyle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Robert Boyle (25 January 1627 – 30 December 1691) was a natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, inventor, and early gentleman scientist, noted for his work in physics and ...

Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke, University College, Oxford
In a house on this site between 1655 and 1668 lived ROBERT BOYLE Here he discovered BOYLE'S LAW and made experiments with an AIR PUMP designed by his assistant

Robert Boyle (1627-1691), Chemist and natural philosopher
National Portrait Gallery, list of portraits for Robert Boyle including Robert Boyle after Johann Kerseboom, Robert Boyle after Johann Kerseboom, Robert Boyle by William Faithorne ...

Robert F. Boyle
Art Director: 1970s; 1960s; 1950s; 1940s; Winter Kills (1979) The Red Pony (1973) (TV) Incident on a Dark Street (1973) (TV) (as Robert Boyle) The Thomas Crown Affair (1968) (as ...

Robert Boyle (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Open access to the SEP is made possible by a world-wide funding initiative. Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free

Robert Boyle Educational Foundation - Official Website
Robert Boyle Educational Foundation - Official Website - The Foundation owns an early portrait of Robert Boyle.

 

Robert Boyle



 
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